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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide are the primary functions of the respiratory system. The respiratory system carries out these life-sustaining acts in close coordination with the circulatory system. Most of the time, we remain blissfully unaware of these automatic functions. The respiratory organs deliver oxygen to the circulatory system. The circulatory system transports the oxygen to all body cells. Oxygen is used by cells to liberate the energy needed for cellular activities. The respiratory system also removes carbon dioxide. Thus, the circulatory system prevents the buildup of this lethal waste byproduct in the body tissues. Irreversible damage to tissues can occur if the respiratory system is halted even for a few minutes. This can cause failure of all the other body systems. The consequence is death! NOSE COMMENCES THE RESPIRATORY PROCESS The respiratory system begins from the nose. It ends in the lungs. The respiratory system is broadly divided into two parts, viz., the upper and the lower respiratory tracts. The upper respirator tract is made up of the nose and the throat (pharynx). The lower respiratory tract includes five organs. They are the voice box (larynx), and the windpipe (trachea), bronchi, bronchioles and the lungs. The trachea splits into the two branches called bronchi. The bronchi further gets divided into further smaller branches called bronchioles. The lungs are a pair of spongy saclike organs. The bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx and the nose transport air to and from the lungs. It is the lungs that interact with the circulatory system for delivering oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the lungs. THE RESPIRATION PROCESS Respiration is a two-pronged process. It involves the respiratory and the circulatory systems. Respiration connotes the coordinated functioning whereby the cells are delivered oxygen and the lethal carbon dioxide is removed. The first phase: The nose begins the first phase of respiration. This is done with inhaling or inhalation (breathing in). The process brings in air along with oxygen from outside the body into the lungs. From the lungs, oxygen goes via the blood vessels to the heart. The heart pumps the oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body. The first phase of respiration ends with the oxygen moving into the cells from the bloodstream. The second phase: The second phase commences after the oxygen gets into the cells. The cells use the oxygen to produce energy. This independent process is called cellular respiration. It produces the byproduct -- carbon dioxide. The accumulated carbon dioxide now moves from the cells to the bloodstream. Next, the bloodstream transports the carbon dioxide to the heart. Then, the carbon dioxide-laden blood is pumped back to the lungs. The third phase: Again the nose comes into picture during this stage. The lungs push the byproduct to the nose from where it is exhaled or breathed out. This is the final or the third stage when the body gets rid of the carbon dioxide. At the end of the third stage or the entire respiratory cycle another one starts automatically. OTHER FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The respiratory system further regulates the balance of acid and base in tissues. This balancing act is crucial for the normal functioning of cells. It protects the body against disease-causing organisms and toxic substances inhaled with air. The respiratory system also houses the cells that detect smell. Moreover, the respiratory system assists in the production of sounds for speech. THE OLFACTORY NERVE The brownish olfactory nerve is also called olfactory receptors. The olfactory nerve inside the nose is the main nerve of smell. The olfactory region is made up of thick nasal soft mucous membrane. Its brownish color is because of a pigment. The olfactory nerve ends in minute varicose fibers (several small branches). These fibers ultimately conclude in the epithelial cells. Mentionably, the epithelial cells project into the nasal free surface. The olfactory nerve is the first to know of any chemicals that may enter the nasal passages. The receptors immediately trigger off a signal to the brain. This creates the smell perception. THE ESOPHAGUS Esophagus is a muscular tube. The esophagus carries food from the throat to the stomach. The esophagus and the pharynx situated behind the mouth swallow the food and move it to the stomach. The stomach temporarily stores the food, mixes it with digestive juices, and carries out some digestion. The esophagus also holds the stomach contents in place. Actually, this function is carried out by the lower esophageal sphincter. This sphincter is a muscle. It is located at the lower end of the esophagus. THE PHARYNX The pharynx is a passageway for both air and food. The pharynx connects the nose and mouth with the windpipe (trachea) and the food pipe (esophagus). The pharynx is a muscular tube. The pharynx is located within the neck. The pharynx is lined with a mucous membrane. The pharynx is approximately five inches (13 cm) in length. The pharynx lies in the front of the spinal column. The upper portion of the pharynx is known as nasopharynx. The name arises as it begins in the back of the nasal cavity.. The lower part is oropharynx. It points to that area in the back of the mouth. The pharynx ends at the epiglottis. Epiglottis is a flap of cartilage. Epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea. However, the epiglottis allows the food to enter the esophagus. Two eustachian tubes connect the pharynx to the middle ear. These eustachian equalizes the eardrums air pressure. The pharynx can be infected via the mouth as well as the nose. Sore throat involves pharynx infection (pharyngitis) or throat inflammation. Pharyngitis can be due to infectious mononucleosis, herpes, and viral infections. The viral infections are German measles (rubella), influenza, and common cold. It can also be caused by bacteria like staphylococcal, streptococcal, chlamydial, and diphtherial. These bacteria multiply cause sore throat by multiplying rapidly within the pharynx. Tonsils and Adenoids Among the adults the pharynx contains the tonsils, while among the children the pharynx contains the adenoids. Tonsils: Tonsils are lymphoid tissues at the back of the throat. Tonsils form a tissue ring around the pharynx or the throat. Tonsils are cells. Tonsils are similar to the bloodstream lymphocytes. Tonsils are embedded in fibrous connective tissues. Tonsils are covered by a single epithelium layer. The lymphoid cells are phagocytic. The cells protect the pharynx from bacteria that can cause diseases. Tonsils may become inflamed and chronically or acutely infected. This condition is called tonsillitis. It is generally caused by streptococcus infection. During tonsillitis and streptococcal, the tissues surrounding the tonsils form pus. Then a whitish coat forms over the tonsils which can appear as white specks. This state is called quinsy. When the pharyngeal tonsils become inflamed they become abnormally large. They are called adenoids. Acute cases of tonsillitis are often treated by antibiotics like penicillin. Chronic recurrent tonsillitis may be treated by tonsillectomy (surgical removal of the tonsils). Adenoids: Adenoids are lymphoid tissue at the back of the throat. Adenoids usually shrink and disappear by adolescence. Enlargement of this tissue is common among children. Such a state can interfere with breathing. Symptoms of enlarged adenoids include restless sleep, snoring, breathing via mouth, and a nasal voice. Earlier, these tissues were removed in children. It was thought that inflamed adenoids led to recurrent colds and infections. Nowadays, this condition is recognized as benign. As a result, there are lesser adenoidectomies. THE LARYNX From the pharynx, the inhaled air moves to the larynx. The larynx is about five inches (13 cm) in length. The larynx is located in the central part of the neck. The larynx is made up of several layers of flexible but tough cartilage, a tissue. Mentionably, during puberty the males experience a protrusion of the cartilage. This enlarged prominent extension at the neck is called the Adam’s apple. FUNCTIONS OF THE LARYNX The larynx primarily transports air to the wind pipe (trachea). Besides, the larynx also helps in producing the sounds. The epiglottis -- a leaflike thin tissue portion of the larynx -- further prevents the food from entering the trachea (thus obviating the possibility of choking). Moreover, the cilia cells as well as the mucous membrane of the larynx also filter air. The cilia cells take the airborne substances towards the pharynx where they are swallowed. The epiglottis: The epiglottis stem is attached to the top and the front portions of the larynx. When the epiglottis remains in a vertical position, it acts like a trap door. This happens during the breathing process. But as a person starts swallowing, a reflexive action forces the epiglottis and the larynx to move near each other toward each other. This coming closer of the epiglottis and the larynx forms a protective seal. As a result, the fluids and food are specifically sent towards the food pipe (esophagus). When the reflexive action doesn’t work: What happens when the reflexive action doesn’t function is that the food can enter the larynx. This happens when one eats the meal fats or when one laughs while swallowing. The result is that there will be a recurrent cough impelled choking effect. At times this apparently simple choking effect can even be life-threatening. The cough is the body’s reflexive action to clear the larynx of the impediment. Whenever such choking takes place, someone must thump the back portion between the shoulder blades several times. This will help the person to get over the choking effect. The Heimlich maneuver: The Heimlich maneuver clears the windpipe of obstructions like food or fluid. The first-aid providing person applies thrusts in quick and in upward motion at the patient’s abdomen. The objective is to expel the object stuck at the trachea (windpipe). Standing behind the victim, the person keeps both his arms across the patient’s waist. Then, he places the fist of one hand below the rib cage and a bit above the navel. All the while, he keeps the thumb against the patient’s body. He uses the other hand for holding the fist and for applying pressure. Next, he puts quick pressure on the abdomen. The pressure is put in an inward and an upward motion. This fast recurrent action forces the lung air to get rid of the substance blocking the windpipe. However, in cases where the patient cannot stand still, is overweight, faints following the choking effect, the Heimlich maneuver is done in a different manner. The patient is made to lie face down. The first-aid provider carries on the process with the heel of a hand. Important: Nonetheless, it is important that the person does not put undue pressure on the rib cage. This is especially true when the patient is a child or an elderly person. Too much pressure can break ribs. Pertaining to pregnant woman or overweight people, the first-aid provider must place his hands only on the lower half of the breastbone (sternum) while carrying out the maneuver. In acute choking, tracheotomy (a surgical procedure) is undertaken to carry out bypass of the larynx. This operation brings in air to the trachea. TRACHEA, BRONCHI, AND BRONCHIOLES The trachea is another tube measuring approximately six inches (15 cm). The trachea is located below the larynx. From the larynx the air passes on to the trachea. About 20 sturdy C-shaped cartilage rings constitute the trachea. These rings help to keep the trachea open. In the process, air gets transported unhindered. While the unfastened cartilage is located at the trachea’s back portion, their ends are linked to each other by muscle tissues. Bronchi & bronchioles: The trachea base is situated at the portion where the neck meets the body trunk. At this juncture, the trachea splits into the right and the left bronchi. These bronchi transport air to the right and left lungs respectively. Inside the lungs, these bronchi again break up into smaller tubes -- the bronchioles. In fact, the respiratory system’s cleansing process is carried out by those bronchioles that are situated at the initial part, bronchi, and the trachea. These organs carry out the cleansing process via the mucous membrane linings as well as the ciliated cells. These cilia and the lining push the mucus upward towards the pharynx. Alveoli & capillaries: Alveoli are minute sacs inside the lungs. Most of the alveoli are lung tissues. Alveoli are formed by the bronchioles as they divide several times. The alveoli along with the bronchioles resemble a tree. The alveoli are only 0.02 inches (0.5 mm) in diameter. There are about 150 million alveoli in each lung. The alveoli carry out a dual function. While providing oxygen to the circulatory system, they also remove carbon dioxide from the lungs. The thin elastic alveoli walls expand when air moves into them. The walls collapse to exhale the air. The alveoli remain in clusters like the grapes. Each cluster is surrounded by capillaries. The capillaries are thin-walled and form a dense net of tiny hairs. The alveoli wall air is generally located 0.2 microns away from the blood carried by the capillary. Mentionably, the alveoli have more oxygen concentration then the capillaries. So, oxygen disseminates to capillaries from alveoli. Through the capillaries, oxygen goes to the larger vessels. These vessels then transport the oxygenated blood to the heart. Next, the heart pumps the cleaned blood to the other parts of the body. Macrophages: Among the alveoli are interspersed many macrophages. The macrophages are blood cells. These large white cells act as the last sentinels of the respiratory system among the alveoli. The macrophages segregate the foreign elements which may have passed through the earlier filtration process. This last line of defense ensures that the alveoli are not infected. Carbon dioxide disposal: The cells from across the body dump Carbon dioxide as a waste product. It is dumped in the bloodstream. The blood carries Carbon dioxide into the heart. From the heart, the Carbon dioxide moves to the alveolar capillaries. Notably, the capillaries have more concentration of carbon dioxide than the alveoli. So, carbon dioxide gets diffused into the alveoli from the capillaries. 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Plastic surgery is a surgical reconstruction that rectifies and remolding or reshaping of the appearance in the face and body tissues due to any defects or disease. To reduce scarring, disfigurement and improve appearance this method is in use; Plastic surgery is a therapeutic and a cosmetic reformation of tissues. It has derived its origin from the Greek word plastikos, which means to shape or to mould. The main goal of Plastic surgeons is to improve patients' appearance, self-image, personality, and confidence through both the type of plastic surgery namely. Reconstructive and Cosmetic procedures. In Reconstructive procedure involves correction of the defects on the face or on the body. These includes all kind of birth defects like cleft palates, lips, any other deformities, traumatic injuries or the marks which get retained after a disease treatments. Aesthetic or Cosmetic procedures involve alteration of a part of the body that the person wishes to change. The Common procedures include breast enlargement, reduction, or reshaping. Correcting the shape of the nose, removing excess fat from specific areas in the body is also part of aesthetic surgery. Few cosmetic surgeries do not involve a surgical procedure. It is only an outpatient treatment, which involves cutting and stitching. Removal of unwanted hair and sanding skin to remove scars are classic example for this outpatient cosmetic surgery. Where was the beginning? It all started in ancient India by the great surgeon susrutha in 8th century BC. Skin grafting was the first cosmetic surgery to happen. In his work Sushruta Samhita description about rhinoplasty and otoplasty were done. Then the romans were able to perform similar technique of repairing damaged ears. In mid-15th century Europian surgeon Heinrich von Pfolspeundt made a new nose by removing the skin from the back for one who entirely had no nose. In 1827, Dr. John Peter Mettauer was the first American surgeon who performed the first cleft palate operation. Then comes the New Zealander Sir Harold Gillies and then Archibald McIndoe, who were pioneers in the treatment of those suffering from severe fire burns. The different type of plastic surgery include: abdominoplasty or tummy tucks, abdominal etching, augmentation mammaplasty or breast enlargement, labiaplasty, buttock augmentation or butt implantation, otoplasty or ear surgery, removal of scars, acne, blepharoplasty, mastopexy or breast lift, rhinoplasty or nose reshaping, rhytidectomy or face lift, chin augmentation and mesotherapy or liposuction pennis enlargement forum penis enlargement before and after top rated penile enlargment pills mp4 vimax safe penis enlargment enlargment manhattan penile plastic surgery pennis enlargement penis elargement pills easy elargement free penis surgery way

About 18 months ago I received an unsolicited email from a spammer trying to sell a penis enlargement product, this sounded like a dream come true but being the skeptic that I am and going by the theory of "if it sounds to good to be true it probably is" I refused to believe any sort of tablet or pump or traction device could actually make my penis a different size. After a few days though my curiosity kicked in and I decided to embark on a test to find out whether the so called enlargement products actually produce any results. I started researching the different penis enlargement products available including traction devices, pills/patches and exercise programs and recruited a team of seven friends to test them. Between us we have now tested fifteen of the best selling enlargement product/programs on the net and to our surprise yes some do actually work I must say that not all of the products we have tried worked in fact only four out of the fifteen we tried actually had any effect some of those more successful than others. The results showed that traction devices worked better than any thing else It works by the principle of traction as applied in modern medicine, for the generation of new tissue to cover burn wounds or areas of hair loss or for the lengthening of bones. I bet you are now thinking of the pain... there is none, well a little pressure when first used but no discomfort. Traction devices do have to be worn for sometime before result are seen normally between 2-4 hours a day 5 days a week. After a month you should start to see some great results. The traction system has now been medically proven to work and with continued use over a few months excellent results can be achieved. So the answer to the question is yes, do be careful though there are a lot of companies trying to sell enlargement products over the net and there are plenty of scams so keep your eyes open and do some research before you buy. penile enlargement surgery picture top penis enlargement pills top pennis enlargement pills vimax herbal penis enlargement pills penis enhancement video cheapest pnis enlargement pills herbal penile enlargment buy vig rx easy elargement free penis surgery way

Are you shying away from women just because you are coping with erectile dysfunction? Is erectile dysfunction or dysfunction erectile impotence, stressing you out? Erectile dysfunction is not a recent ailment. It has existed since ages. Yet it’s only now that people have become more aware about it. Erectile dysfunction is more of an emotional problem than a physical problem for men. Erectile dysfunction is most commonly referred to as ED. In simple terms means the repeated inability of men to get or maintain erection throughout the intercourse to attain sexual fulfillment. Erection requires a precise sequence of events, and when any sequence is disrupted it leads to dysfunction. Erectile dysfunction usually occurs due to damage of nerves, arteries or smooth muscles. Defective lifestyle pattern such as smoking, obesity, excessive consumption of liquor, avoidance of physical activity can also contribute to ED. Sensory or mental stimulus or both initiates erection. The brain and local nerves send impulses which lead the muscles of the corpora cavernosa to loosen up, permitting blood to flow in and seal the spaces. The blood generates pressure in the corpora cavernosa, in turn expanding the penis. The tunica albuginea helps lock in blood in the corpora cavernosa, thus sustaining erection. Erectile dysfunction symptoms can be enumerated as: • Inability to have erection while masturbation or while having sex with your partner • Inability to maintain erection firm enough for sexual intercourse • Inability to maintain an erection long enough for sexual intercourse. Physiological factors such as vascular disease, diabetes and many more are main causes of erectile dysfunction. Apart from physiological factors, psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, guilt can also lead to erectile dysfunction. In fact psychological factors amplify the physical factors. As per the studies ED generally occurs among men above or in the age group of 40-65. Never the less, it should not be considered as an inevitable part of aging. ED can be treated at any age. With the advancement of medical science, medications have evolved in order to treat erectile dysfunction effectively. Though, these medications may vary from individual to individual. The market is flooded with a gamut erectile dysfunction drugs such as Cialis, Viagra, Levitra. These drugs work on the same principle, to increase the blood flow into the penis and thus sexually stimulate men and causing an erection. The best part is that all these drugs are FDA approved oral prescription. A prior consultation with a doctor recommended. pennis enlargement system com enlarement penis penis pump penis enlargment without pills penis enargement before and after picture penis enlarement photo prosolution penis enhancement pills truth about penis enlargment vig rx enhancement easy elargement free penis surgery way

With so many herbal breast enhancers & herbal breast supplements exploding onto the market today, it is clear there is a high demand for nonsurgical breast enlargement methods. This demand has been brought about by the breast augmentation revolution. Everywhere you look women's breasts seem to be getting larger and larger. What was once a more minor source of insecurity for women with small or underdeveloped breasts has now become amplified to the point of huge demand for breast augmentation alternatives. The bottome line is, there are literally thousands if not millions of women looking for alternative ways to enhance and beautify their breasts. Who can deny the allure of soft, full breasts and the sensuality of cleavage? It is the epitome of femininity and has seen dramatic increases in demand due to society's obsession with the female breast. Every woman wants to feel feminine, sensual & soft, and beautiful breasts to us are a major part of that complex puzzle. Herbal breast enhancers were introduced to fulfill this consumer demand. There are tons of herbal breast supplements, herbal breast enhancers, remedies, pills and treatments available today. While not all of them deliver the results promised, there are a few top sellers that are "flying off the shelves" and into women's hands and performing very well as natural alternatives to breast implants. The big appeal with this type of product is that they give comparable fullness, cup size growth & (better) cleavage when compared to the surgical alternative. The obvious benefits are cost, and since it is your own natural tissue, the results are 100% natural, creating better cleavage, softer feel, and natural beauty. There is no worry of implant hardening, rupturing, or replacement. You can enlarge your breasts naturally at a fraction of the cost of breast implants, and if you purchase an herbal breast enhancement system that provides permanent results, you never have to worry about follow up treatments (some herbal supplements only provide temporary results, especially if not taken for long enough periods), or follow up surgery (breast implants need to be replaced every ten years). Most herbal breast enhancers work by stimulating the mammary glands through the utilization of phytoestrogens, or plant derived estrogenic compounds that mimic estrogen in the female body, and provide for new breast tissue growth much as during the teenage or adolescent years when these hormones surge. One little-known but increasingly popular and effective breast enlargement system actually works not by the utilization of phytoestrogens, but rather by specific blends of natural ingredients that actually stimulate the pituitary gland, which is responsible for the excretion of the primary specific breast growth hormone ovarian estrogen. This system actually has the highest success rate, and the most lasting effects. A complete year of treatment costs roughly $1200 (forgive me if my figures are slightly off), which is well below the cost of surgery, much safer, and 100% natural. The best thing about this non-phytoestrogen breast supplement is that there is no weight gain typically associated with some phytoestrogen breast enhancers. Not only that, but the results are permanent since they are not related to a temporary water weight gain or high estrogen levels in the body. So, you women out there who have always dreamed of a bigger bustline, but know there is a better way out there - you were right! And you probably didn't even know it...